Participants contributed follow-up time from the return of the 1986 questionnaire up to the occurrence of a confirmed stroke, death, or January 31, 1994. Intakes of potassium and other nutrients were energy-adjusted to 2000 kcal/d. 16 Relative risks (RR) were calculated by dividing the incidence of stroke among men in each fifth of energy-adjusted potassium intake at baseline by the incidence among men in the lowest fifth of intake. Similar calculations were done for the other nutrients. We adjusted RRs for age (5-year categories) 17 and used the Mantel extension test 18 to test for linear trends. To adjust for other risk factors, we used pooled logistic regression with 2-year intervals. When the probability of an event within an interval is small, this method is equivalent to a Cox proportional-hazards analysis. 19 Multivariate models included as covariates calendar time (2-year intervals), total energy intake (continuous variable), smoking (current, past, and 1 to 14, 15 to 24, and ?25 cigarettes/d), alcohol consumption (<5, 5 to 9, 10 to 14, 15 to 29, and ?30 g/d), history of hypertension, history of hypercholesterolemia, parental history of myocardial infarction before age 65 years, profession, and quintiles of body mass index and physical activity. In these models, we evaluated monotonic trends by using the median value of each category and modeling this as a continuous variable. All P values are 2-sided. Covariates were not updated during the follow-up.
During the 323 394 person-numerous years of realize-up, i noted 328 instances of cerebrovascular injuries (fifty deadly), together with 210 ischemic, 70 hemorrhagic, and you can forty eight unclassified strokes. Men from the top fifth away from potassium consumption (together with potassium regarding supplements) was indeed less inclined to smoke, was indeed a lot more privately effective, and you may ate smaller alcoholic drinks, quicker lbs, way more healthy protein, and more micronutrients than simply guys towards the bottom 5th (Desk step 1 ). Similar relationships have been discover having magnesium, soluble fiber, and you can calcium (data perhaps not revealed). Age-modified RR from complete heart attack for males regarding greatest 5th out of potassium consumption compared with those who work in the base fifth was 0.59 (Desk dos ). It RR are a little attenuated of the adjustment to own nondietary risk points (RR=0.62) and also by after that improvement to possess intakes from magnesium and you will fiber (RR=0.69). The newest relevant connectivity that have ischemic stroke was basically comparable, whereas no high contacts was in fact observed to have hemorrhagic heart attack (data perhaps not shown). After that improvement to have consumption from full pounds, necessary protein, saturated fats, nutritional C, vitamin e, carotene, otherwise folic acid failed to materially replace the organization ranging from potassium consumption and you will threat of full coronary attack, nor did adjustment to possess baseline systolic and you will diastolic hypertension otherwise introduction to the model of a conversation identity between years and you will blood pressure levels.
Intakes of dietary fiber and magnesium was both inversely for the threat of full coronary arrest for the years-adjusted analyses (Desk dos ). These connections have been only sparingly attenuated of the modifications for nondietary chance activities, however they were drastically poor within the regression models you to definitely in addition incorporated potassium, magnesium, and you will soluble fiber by the self-confident correlations anywhere between intakes off this type of nourishment (Pearson relationship coefficients was in fact 0.65 having magnesium and you may potassium, 0.62 to own magnesium and you may soluble fiber, and you may 0.58 getting potassium and you can fibre).
None calcium supplements nor salt consumption (investigation perhaps not shown) was notably of this risk of full, ischemic, otherwise hemorrhagic stroke. Salt intake was also unrelated in order to intake out-of potassium (Pearson relationship = ?0.02) and you will was not examined after that. As during the an earlier analysis an inverse organization was advertised between calcium supplements out-of milk products supplies and you may chance of coronary iphone hookup apps arrest, 20 i examined which matchmaking inside our cohort. The newest multivariate chance towards greatest in contrast to the bottom quintile out of milk products calcium consumption are 0.83 (95% CI, 0.59, step one.17) to own complete (Desk dos ), 0.ninety (95% CI, 0.59, step one.37) getting ischemic, and you may 0.73 (95% CI, 0.36, 1.51) to own hemorrhagic stroke; a minimal chance each and every benefit was present in the center quintile out-of intake. Plus, i checked out if the danger of heart attack was all the way down certainly men which claimed playing with calcium within baseline. The RR for men exactly who grabbed ?eight hundred milligrams/d away from extra calcium compared to nonusers was 0.88 to possess overall coronary arrest (95% CI, 0.sixty, 1.27) and 0.83 to possess ischemic coronary arrest (95% CI, 0.52, step one.34).
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